Back التحررية في الولايات المتحدة Arabic ئازادیخوازی لە ئەمریکا CKB Libertarianism in the United States English لیبرترینیسم در ایالات متحده آمریکا Persian Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde liberteryenizm Turkish Лібертаріанство в США Ukrainian 美國自由意志主義 Chinese

Libertarianismo nos Estados Unidos

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O libertarianismo nos Estados Unidos é uma filosofia política e econômica que promove a liberdade individual.[1][2][3][4][5] O libertarianismo americano tem sido descrito como conservador em questões econômicas e liberal nas esferas pessoal e cultural,[6] frequentemente associado a uma política externa de não-intervencionismo.[7]

De forma geral, a corrente libertarista americana é dividida em duas vertentes principais. De um lado, há a linha desenvolvida pelo autor anarcocapitalista Murray Rothbard, baseada no libertarianismo do século 19 e anarquismo individualista americano, com destaque para as vertentes de Benjamin Tucker e Lysander Spooner. Essa vertente rejeita a teoria do valor-trabalho em favor da escola austríaca e da teoria subjetiva do valor. Do outro, há o libertarianismo que se desenvolveu como um renascimento do liberalismo clássico nos Estados Unidos depois da associação ao New Deal,[8][carece de fonte melhor][9][carece de fonte melhor] que tem como adeptos políticos como David Nolan[10] e Ron Paul.[11]

Embora libertário continue sendo amplamente utilizado para se referir a socialistas antiestatais internacionalmente,[12][13][14][15][16][excesso de citações] seu significado nos Estados Unidos se desvia de suas origens políticas em direção ao sentido oposto do espectro político.[17][18][19][excesso de citações][20][21][carece de fonte melhor] O Partido Libertário afirma que "os libertários apoiam a liberdade máxima em questões pessoais e econômicas. Eles defendem um governo muito menor; um que se limita a proteger os indivíduos da coerção e da violência. Os libertários tendem a abraçar a responsabilidade individual, opor-se à burocracia e aos impostos do governo, promover a caridade privada, tolerar estilos de vida diversos, apoiar o livre mercado e defender as liberdades civis".[22][23]

O libertarianismo de direita associado a pessoas como Murray Rothbard e Robert Nozick,[18][24][25] é a forma dominante do libertarianismo nos Estados Unidos, em comparação com o do libertarianismo de esquerda .[26] Este último está associado à esquerda do movimento libertário moderno[27] e, mais recentemente, às posições políticas associadas aos filósofos acadêmicos Hillel Steiner, Philippe Van Parijs e Peter Vallentyne, que combinam autopropriedade com uma abordagem igualitária aos recursos naturais . Também está relacionado às vertentes anarquistas anticapitalistas de livre mercado, como o anarquismo de mercado de esquerda,[28][29][carece de fonte melhor] conhecido como libertarianismo de esquerda orientado para o mercado, para se distinguir de outras formas de libertarianismo.[30] O libertarianismo inclui tendências socialistas anarquistas e libertárias, embora não sejam tão difundidas quanto em outros países. Murray Bookchin,[12][excesso de citações] um libertário dentro dessa tradição socialista, argumentou que anarquistas, socialistas libertários e a esquerda deveriam reivindicar libertários como um termo, sugerindo que esses outros libertários autodeclarados renomeiem a si mesmos como propertários .[20][21][carece de fonte melhor] Embora todos os libertários se oponham à intervenção do governo, há uma divisão entre os libertários anarquistas ou socialistas, bem como os anarcocapitalistas como Rothbard e David D. Friedman, que aderem à posição antiestado, vendo o estado como um mal desnecessário; minarquistas como Nozick, que reconhecem a necessidade necessária de um estado mínimo, geralmente chamado de estado de vigia noturno ;[19] e liberais clássicos que apóiam um governo pequeno e minimizado[31][32][33] e uma grande inversão do estado de bem - estar social .[34]

  1. ↑ Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (2001). Encyclopedia of Ethics: P-W. 3. Taylor & Francis. p. 1562.
  2. ↑ Paul, Ellen F. (2007). Liberalism: Old and New. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 187.
  3. ↑ Christiano, Thomas; John P. Christman (2009). Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy. "Individualism and Libertarian Rights". Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 121.
  4. ↑ Vallentyne. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 🔗 Spring 2009 ed. Stanford University  |nome2= sem |sobrenome2= em Authors list (ajuda)
  5. ↑ Bevir, Mark (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. p. 811.
  6. ↑ Boaz, David; Kirby, David (October 18, 2006). The Libertarian Vote. Cato Institute.
  7. ↑ The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. 2008. pp. 177–180. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4 
  8. ↑ Russell. «Who Is A Libertarian?». The Freeman. 5 
  9. ↑ Tucker, Jeffrey (September 15, 2016). "Where Does the Term "Libertarian" Come From Anyway?" Foundation for Economic Freedom. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  10. ↑ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  11. ↑ «The Antiwar, Anti-Abortion, Anti-Drug-Enforcement-Administration, Anti-Medicare Candidacy of Dr. Ron Paul». The New York Times 
  12. ↑ a b Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). "The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice". Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project (1). "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity – often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect – acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property – have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated".
  13. ↑ Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press (em inglês). London: [s.n.] ISBN 978-0-900384-89-9. OCLC 37529250 
  14. ↑ Fernandez, Frank (2001). Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement. Sharp Press. p. 9. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term "libertarian" has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."
  15. ↑ "The Week Online Interviews Chomsky". Z Magazine. February 23, 2002. "The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. In the US, which is a society much more dominated by business, the term has a different meaning. It means eliminating or reducing state controls, mainly controls over private tyrannies. Libertarians in the US don't say let's get rid of corporations. It is a sort of ultra-rightism."
  16. ↑ Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers."
  17. ↑ Robert Graham, ed. (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas. Black Rose Books. Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE–1939). Montreal: [s.n.] 
  18. ↑ a b Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".
  19. ↑ a b Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sébastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists".
  20. ↑ a b The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (11 December 2008). "150 years of Libertarian". Anarchist Writers. The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  21. ↑ a b The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective (17 May 2017). "160 years of Libertarian". Anarchist Writers. Anarchist FAQ. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  22. ↑ «Libertarian Party 2010 Platform». Libertarian Party 
  23. ↑ Watts, Duncan (16 de março de 2006). Understanding American government and politics: a guide for A2 politics students. Manchester University Press 2 ed. [S.l.: s.n.] ISBN 978-0-7190-7327-4 
  24. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  25. ↑ Schaefer, David Lewis (30 April 2008). "Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia". The New York Sun. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  26. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764.
  27. ↑ Long, Riderick T. "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227.
  28. ↑ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–16.
  29. ↑ Zwolinski, Matt (January 9, 2013). "Markets Not Capitalism". Foundation for Economic Education. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  30. ↑ Sheldon Richman (February 3, 2011). "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal". The American Conservative. Arquivado em 2019-06-10 no Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  31. ↑ Goodman, John C. (December 20, 2005). "What Is Classical Liberalism?". National Center for Policy Analysis. Retrieved June 26, 2019. Arquivado em 2009-03-09 no Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ Boaz, David (1998). Libertarianism: A Primer. Free Press. pp. 22–26.
  33. ↑ Conway (2008). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 295–298; quote at p. 296. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. Depending on the context, libertarianism can be seen as either the contemporary name for classical liberalism, adopted to avoid confusion in those countries where liberalism is widely understood to denote advocacy of expansive government powers, or as a more radical version of classical liberalism.  |nome2= sem |sobrenome2= em Authors list (ajuda)
  34. ↑ Baradat, Leon P. (2015). Political Ideologies. Routledge. p. 31. ISBN 978-1317345558.

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